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先生vs.老師  
 

發表佇2014年《台文通訊BONG報》第238期

  在來閩臺語个「老師(nóo-sir // ló-su)」敢有現代普通義”teacher”个意思?在我土想,看--來是無hàn簡單。

 

  往擺咱臺灣人咧稱呼"teacher"計是叫「先生」,泉腔讀做「sian-sinn」、漳腔讀做「sin-senn」,臺灣部分漳腔个地頭嘛有講做sian-senn拍算漳腔个「sin-senn」是對(uì)sian-senn」去掉低元音「a」了後个音變,「先生」也會做得孤寫一字「先(sian)」,可比講「信介先(黃信介先生)若是拄搪「字姓」+「先生」个構詞法,一般會共後壁个「先生」讀做輕聲,頭前个「字姓」讀本讀,ex.「黃--先生」,tserâ「先生」嘛會做得省音、省字,泉腔孤寫一字「先(sian)」、漳腔孤寫一字「生(senn)」,呼音嘛是讀做輕聲→「黃--先」、「黃--生」。客人到今(kàu-tann)uan-ná是叫「先生(xin1-sang1)」,有一位馬來亞來臺灣留學个大學生,講怹俺公佇馬來亞用福建話(uā)"teacher"定著是叫「先生」,伊來到臺灣聽臺灣人臺語,煞變做是華語借音詞个「老師(lāu-sir/su)」,而且真濟人个實際音值是lau-21 sir44,茲(tse)的確是受著現代華語个影響

 

  臺灣進入日本時代了後,因為受著日本政府个殖(si̍t)民統治,嘛有人綴日語先生(せんせい)个呼音讀做se̋n-sé」,權算是在來「sian-sinn // sin-senn路尾个新話;另外,有人共”teacher”只个職業號做「教員」,也是臺語借自日語个外來詞,現代个lāu-sir」就聽好講是「se̋n-sé後个現代音(新新話),以我個人來講,我對外袂講「做老師」,計是講做「做教員」、「教書(冊)--个」。若照傳統閩臺語个音義原則,「老師」實際上愛呼做「láu-sir/su」,則有符合”teacher”个現代普通義,現代个泉州話就是按呢讀。有關「láu-sir/su」个呼音,會用得參考杜建坊先生个文章〈「老師」正音〉http://blog.xuite.net/getting.rich/hopefully/68316225

 

  有人講臺語个”teacher”愛叫做nóo-sir // ló-su,茲參我个理解有淡簿仔出入我共伊是「放孔子白」。因為在來臺語个「老師」,敢有現代普通義”teacher”个意思?咱來看《廈英》、《英廈》參《臺日》只幾卷早期个辭典,是按怎解說(kué-serh)「老師」參「先生」,看--來敢若無像部分人所想个hàn簡單

《廈英大辭典》:

 ló-su, title of the literary mandarin of a department or district; polite title for a learned instructor (v. su).

 ló-su, the principal or president of the college of the department or district, =hú-o̍h or koāiⁿ-o̍h, who is the head of the literati of that department or district (often two in one district); an official teacher of military exercises; the title is often sold as an empty title; (said politely of a learned instructor or preacher).

 

  頂面所講个「府學(hú-o̍h)」、「縣學(koāiⁿ-o̍h)」,就是文廟邊--頭个「儒學」,即段英文个解說:「府學/縣學內面个literary mandarin / principal / president / head of the literati」,下面《臺日典》个第一个解說峇峇峇,「老師」參現代普通義个”teacher”一點仔底代(tī-tāi)就無;以上除了「an official teacher of military exercises」有講著「teacher」以外,攏無講著「teacher」,而且只个「an official teacher」是佇military exercises(軍事演習)个時,嘛毋是現代普通義个「teacher;《廈英》只兩條解說上尾則有講著,是一款對學習指導者禮貌性个稱呼,意思就是袂佇日常生活个時來「面稱」

 

  《英廈辭典》詞條「Teacher」个解說,嘛干焦「schoolsian siⁿ.」,無磕著「nóo-sir // ló-su」。顛倒「sian-siⁿ // sin-seeⁿ」佇《廈英》抑是《增補》,有”teacher”个意思是真明確,可比講:「chhiáⁿ sian-siⁿ, to engage a teacher.」、「tâu sian-siⁿ, to make complaint to a teacher. tâu kā-sian-siⁿ-kóng, to make complaint to a teacher.」、「toh-thâu sian-siⁿ, the teacher on the table (said of a dictionary).」、「kà-o̍h sian-siⁿ, a schoolmaster. kà-oē-tó, well able to teach, as a teacher.」、「sian-siⁿ, a teacher; a doctor (v. sian). sin-seeⁿ (C.), a teacher; a doctor.」、「sian-siⁿ(C. sin-seeⁿ), teacher; doctor. choè-sian-siⁿ (C. chò-sin-seeⁿ), to be a teacher or doctor (C. Cn. gen1. doctor). chhiáⁿ sian-siⁿ, to call a doctor; to engage a teacher.」、「gī-o̍h sian-siⁿ, teacher of a free school. kà-o̍h sian-siⁿ, a school-master. toh-thâu sian-siⁿ (the teacher on the table), the Imperial Dictionary.」、「sian-siⁿ-niû, a teacher's wife. sian-siⁿ-má, teacher's mother. sian-siⁿ-kong, teacher's father.」、「sin-seeⁿ, =A. sian-siⁿ, a teacher; a doctor.」、「pài sian-siⁿ, to study under a teacher.」、「poa̍h-tó sian-siⁿ, to pose a teacher, as by a rare character.、「hêng sian-siⁿ, said in joke by person who has forgotten his studies, I have given them all back to my teacher

  《臺日大辭典》:「老師(nóo-sir // ló-su),秀才(siù-tsâi)などを指導監督する物の敬稱。老師(ろうし)。」「秀才」嘛叫做「進學」,意思就是「進入儒學讀書个學生」,第一个解說就是《廈英》个「title of the literary mandarin of a department or district; the principal or president of the college of the department or district, =hú-o̍h or koāiⁿ-o̍h, who is the head of the literati of that department or district (often two in one district).」《臺日》參《廈英》个解說完全對同。第二个解說「老師(ろうし)」敢是現代普通義个「teacher」?咱掠日語个辭典來看,老師(ろうし):「1 年をとった師匠・先生。2 年老いた僧。また、学徳のある僧を敬っていう語。禅宗では師家を敬っていう語。」第一个解說是「有歲--矣个teacher」,並毋是咱現代普通義个teacher(較早个師專無到二十歲个,咱現代二十捅歲个嘛會做得teacher);第二个解說是「老僧」,離teacher差閣較大碼。

  無論是《廈英大辭典》、《英廈辭典》抑是《臺日大辭典》,「老師」只个詞計無「lāu-su/sir」个音,嘛無現代普通義「teacher」个意思,現代人共「teacher」讀做「老師(lāu-su/sir)」,參在來个閩臺語「音義計無對同」,會有tsióng-ê情形,我看是受著華語个影響鎮較大面。另外,我會感覺一寡人教臺語个時,講teacher愛叫做「nóo-sir // ló-su」是「放孔子白」,也是按呢生,因為在來个閩臺語普通咧稱呼”teacher”,就是叫「sian-sinn // sin-senn」,無叫「nóo-sir // ló-su

 

  有叫「nóo-sir // ló-su--个,計是參科舉制度有關係,親像臺北大龍峒陳悅記祖宅个「老師府」,是因為陳維英鄉試中舉人,路尾做內閣中書,名義上是清朝皇帝个老師(nóo-sir // ló-su),也就是「咸豐帝」个老師(nóo-sir // ló-su),做皇帝个teacher當然就袂用得閣予皇帝叫做「先生」,就愛叫較尊敬个「老師(nóo-sir // ló-su)」則會當參一般人來分別。


全臺首學.jpg

相片解說:臺南孔子廟个明倫堂就是「臺灣府學」,也就是「老師(nóo-sir // ló-su)」上班个所在;1997年翕,正片掃描。


 

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